The Government and Economy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Government and Economy - Term Paper Example In the event a person was to come across the document for first time – having a wealth of sociology, they would immediately classify the document as being one of the many inquiries that have been made with regards to a certain special field in sociology. There are a number of attributes about the author that stand out with regards to this definition. From a sociological point of view, a reader may be tempted to think that the author had a well or improved view of modern Sombart has made or placed forth a very strong statement with regards to the fact that the entire era of modern capitalism and all the aspects related to this differs from earlier industrial epochs. This is mainly with regards to something far deeper than the mere methods of conducting business and other activities. He has gone forward to point out and present details that prove the dominant motive or main cause for doing business has undergone changes. The controlling purpose and main cause of modern business has become to increase the various volumes and also to enlarge the power of capital. In this case, capital is being enlarged for its own sake, and also for the sake of the social power it confers. This has been established as the main standard or purpose of modern business and economic lives (Congress). ... It is important to note that the basic portions set forth were clearly and positively based and founded on various human principles as opposed to the implicit capitalistic principles. It is important to note that Wealth of Nations was never authored or engineered with capital assumptions in mind. The occurrences or activity were as a result of the various services related to capital and those that are directly associated with capital. These formed the basis of the books which was to assess the goals of economics in part. Contrary to this attribute about the authoring of the book, the author had also assumed that the various economic activities and occurrences in their entirety were, as a matter or principle of course, a means or way of putting people in possession or giving out power with respect to the various means of life. Additionally, to state or put across the same fact or truth in a little different way, Smith went ahead and assumed that the entire value and concepts contained therein are attached to varying economic activities was a matter that was to be decided and settled by their effects on consumption (Jewell, 1982). That is to mean, instead of attributing the production of wealth in the forefront, as being the most important measure with regards to economic processes, the author evidently, at least through his fundamental theory, regarded or attributed the production of wealth as a minute or mere incidence to the consumption and utilization of wealth. The author’s whole moral philosophy was that the ultimate or vital evaluator of all creation and utilization; that is, the individual process, as it was assessed, analyzed and synthesized on the grounds of moral philosophy, was reviewed to be the tribunal of, or associated to the last

Integrating learning styles Essay Example for Free

Integrating learning styles Essay Facilitators use different learning styles such as auditory, kinetic, and visual methods to enhance each student’s ability to grasp material the simplest way possible. Through research, instructors have adapted many instructing methods to tap into each student’s learning style without alienated other strategies necessary for various learners. Auditory strategies may include speeches, tapes, or auditoria tutorials so the students can complete their work as they listen to the facilitator’s instructions thoroughly (Felder and Soloman, p.1). Instructors should emphasize the key words during their speeches to trigger the student’s critical listening skills. The keywords of the speech should be relative to their new material, but it must advise them on how to carry out the motions as well (Family Education, p. 2). As in online tutorials, the student must be able to hear the instructions and place the instructions in action by kinetic learning methods. Kinetic methods can include on-hands learning opportunities such as drawing, playing, or writing. An example of this would be to write out the format of a mathematical equation. The students learn to articulate the mathematical structure of the equation in order to answer the question more thoroughly (Felder and Soloman, p. 2). Instructors can use hands-on applications to break the barrier between the textbooks and the information’s overall objective. For instance, an electrical engineer must use their knowledge in the field in order to work diligently through their coursework. It is very important to give the students a chance to have a complete understanding of what their class material is about through kinetic methods. Visual instructions show students how to replicate the sequence for a given answer (Family Education, p. 1). For example, a student must know the basics of a mathematical equations in a more, in-depth way to capitalize on the verbal (auditory) and kinetic (working out) aspects of the subject matter. Reference Cited Felder, R. M. and Soloman, B. A. Learning Styles and Strategies. North Carolina State University. Retrieved October 25, 2006 from http://www. ncsu. edu/felder-public /ILSdir/styles. htm. â€Å"Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic Learners. † (2006). Family Education. Retrieved October 25, 2006 from http://school. familyeducation. com/intelligence/teaching-methods/38519. html.

Like Father Like Son Essays -- Character Analysis, Telemachus, Odysseu

THESIS STATEMENT Throughout the epic the Odyssey the theme like father like son is demonstrated through Telemachus following in his father’s (Odysseus) footsteps. PURPOSE STATEMENT It is evident that through extensive research on the Odyssey, Telemachus evolves into a character similar to his father Odysseus in this epic. INTRODUCTION Imagine ten grueling years of constant bloodbath at war. After all that horror facing journeying on vicious waters: battling a sea monster, traveling to the underworld, and angry gods attempting to wreak havoc everywhere you go. This is all on a quest to reunite with your loved ones. A brave Greek warrior–Odysseus–encounters all these circumstances. His son yearns for him to return home. This son of his is in a nervous state. He has no father figure in his life and is unable to protect his mother in their precarious situation. The Odyssey tells the thrilling tale of the clever Greek hero Odysseus. He has many terrifying adventures on his long awaited return to his kingdom, Ithaca. In this epic Odysseus’ son Telemachus becomes the man his father is and demonstrates personality traits Odysseus possesses. Telemachus must overcome his fear to undertake journeys in order to reunite his family. Odysseus and Telemachus together share a love and appreciation for Penelope. They both began as impulsive men and must learn patience in panicky situations later on. â€Å"He is like his father Odysseus, in that he is loyal and disgusted by evil. He also, like his father, is willing to go fight for his freedom.† (Pope 45) Telemachus is being described in comparison to Odysseus – they are equally dedicated in life to Penelope and have a great will to conquer obstacles in their life to reunite with each other. ... ...e was unsure about taking his father’s place. Odysseus learns to act wisely and not impulsively through his adventures. â€Å"All his past training in patience, wariness and self-control is needed now to help him play his part†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Walker 76). From past obstacles Odysseus was required to overcome on his trip home to Ithaca he was grown from acting out impulsively to thinking out strategies before had for attacks and battles. CONCLUSION In Homer’s the Odyssey the theme like father like son is demonstrated. Telemachus becomes the man his father (Odysseus) is through acquiring personality traits that he has and evolving in a brave and courageous character, such as his father was. Odysseus and Telemachus both go on journeys to reunite their families; they both have a great love and appreciation for Penelope and transition from being impatient and impulsive to patience.

Administrative Ethics – Paper 3

Administrative Ethics Paper HCS/335 December 19, 2011 Administrative Ethics Paper There are many factors that are affecting our everyday lives but none as important as the ethics of healthcare. Healthcare is one of the largest personal care services provided in our civilization today. In order to provide this type of care adequate and qualified personnel must have access to personal information both medical and at times non-medical. Preserving patient confidentiality has become more increasingly difficult to do. The desire to guard patient privacy is apparent with all the legal ramifications imposed by the federal and state laws. I will be discussing the ethical and legal issues of healthcare while stating the responsibilities and facts that could lead to solutions. According to â€Å"American Medical Association† (1995-2011), â€Å"The U. S. Constitution defines a physician’s legal obligation to their patient(s) by federal and state law, regulation, and by the court although access to patient information has become more accessible†(Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs). In 1996 Congress enacted the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) and was recently amended under the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act ( â€Å"AmericanCollege of Healthcare Executives†, 2009). HIPAA was to put safety measures to shield a patient(s) health information and keep it private. In February of 2009 on the 17th, President Barak Obama authorized the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 with the objective to support the acceptance of electronic medical records (EMR) by physicians and medical facilities. The law symbolizes a reassurance to privacy by giving them actionable remedies in an event that their personal private medical records are misused or abused (â€Å"ResourceLibrary: The CBS Interactive Business Network†, 2002). The lack of safeguards for patients and their information is a big disadvantage because physicians, medical facilities, and patient(s) have oncerns as to whether or not their information will be protected and stay private. Health information being used electronically has increased medical access as well as transmission between health data and other physicians allowing admission to all a patient’s medical information in their network if needed. The expansion of technology in the healthcare industry has helped to give better patient care to ensure healthier and more productive people I society but the challenge comes into play with respecting and honoring a patient’s confidentiality. Doctor’s have always been obligated to keep their patient’s information private by not divulging and medical or personal information exposed by the patient or ascertained by the physician while treating the patient. According to â€Å"American Medical Association† (1995-2011), † the purpose of a physician’s ethical duty to maintain patient confidentiality is to allow the patient to feel free to make a full and frank disclosure of information to the physician with the knowledge that the physician will protect the confidentiality nature of the information disclosed† (Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs). Sustaining a patient’s medical and personal information is a legal obligation as well as the ethical sense of duty. The American College of Healthcare Executives feels that besides following HIPAA and all applicable state and federal laws, healthcare executives should also have a ethical and moral duty to respect privacy and protect the security of patients’ medical records. Doctors, nurses, and anyone that may come in contact with a patient’s records should become familiar with the laws involving the obligation to maintain confidentiality because any breach of confidentiality no matter how small can result in misappropriates, a lawsuit and/or disciplinary action. The HIPPA privacy protection in its present state is inadequate because it allows the sale of patient information to third parties without written consent even though there are consequences for it. The American Recovery Reinvestment Act has begun to stipulate some safety by making a cutoff point for use of information for promotion and fundraising and for the sale of records. According to â€Å"AmericanCollege of Healthcare Executives† (2009), â€Å"As patient advocates, executives are required to guarantee their organization acquire appropriate patient authorization to give personal information or follow the correct procedures as carefully characterized in the policies and relevant laws in such cases for when the elease of information without consent is indicated† (Health Information Confidentiality). In conclusion with all the different and new technology in society today everyone more so doctors and medical personnel are extremely cautious about relinquishing and personal patient information regardless if it is to a another doctor or family. Every physician and medical facility must make every effort to guarantee the patient’s information will remain con fidential regardless of how it is kept in a file or electronically. Technology will progress as the years get older and so will the rise on patient information being misused. Technology can improve the quality of care by all means but while it is improving care it also needs to be steps and measures taken to improve the patient’s privacy and confidentiality of their medical information. References AmericanCollege of Healthcare Executives. (2009). Retrieved from http://www. ache. org/policy/hiconf. cfm American Medical Association. (1995-2011). Retrieved from http://www. ama- assn. org/ama/pub/about-ama/our-people/ama-councils/council-ethical-judicial affairs. page ResourceLibrary: The CBS Interactive Business Network. (2002). Retrieved from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m1272/is_2689_131/ai_92691019/? tag=content;col1

International Buisness

(a) What was the critical catalyst that led Kodak to start taking the Japanese market seriously?until early 1980s when Fuji launched an aggressive export drive, attacking Kodak in the north American and European markets. ====================(b) From the evidence given in the case do you think Kodak’s charges of unfair trading practices against Fuji are valid? Support your answer.The charges were very valid.the Japanese government helped to create a ‘ profile sanctuary’ for Fuji in Japan by systematically denying Kodak access to Japanese distribution channels for consumer film and paper. Kodak claims Fuji has effectively shut Kodak products out of four distributors that have a 70% share of the photo distribution market. Fuji has an equity position in two of the distributors, gives large year –end relates and cash payments to all four distributors as a reward for their loyalty to Fuji, and owns stakes in the banks that finance them. Kodak also claims that Fuj i uses similar tactics to control 430 wholesale photo furnishing labs in Japan to which it is the exclusive supplier. Moreover Kodak’s petition claims that the Japanese government has actively encourages these practicesWhich company is truly Multinational ? Why?COMPANY A IS Geocentrism ORIENTATION [GLOBAL MULTI ORIENTED]Integrated global outlook More powerful total company throughout Better quality of products and services Worldwide utilization of best reaources Improved local country management Greater commitment to global objectives Higher global profitsCOMPANY B– IS ETHOCENTRIC Ethnocentric Orientation †¢ domestic market extension concept: †¢ Domestic strategies, techniques, and personnel are perceived as superior †¢ International customers, considered secondary †¢ International markets regarded as o outlets for surplus domestic production †¢ International marketing plans o developed in-house by international division 2 List three differences between Company , Multi National company and Trans Multi National Company ? Content of the Four Basic Multinational Strategies a) Explain why MNCs have located R & D centres in developing countries?SOME OF THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES OFFER(a) access to highly qualified scientists as shortages of research personnel emerge in certain fields in industrialised countries, (b) Cost differentials in research salaries between developing and industrialised countries, and (c) rationalisation of operations, assigning particular affiliates the responsibility for developing, manufacturing, and marketing particular products worldwide.(b) Mention the areas where R & D activities can easily be decentralised.1.INTEGRATED CHIPS/OPTICAL DATA DEVICESFor instance, Sony Corporation of Japan has around nine R & D units in Asian developing countries. It has three units in Singapore conducting R & D on core components such as optical data shortage devices, integrated chip design for aud io products and CD-ROM drives, and multimedia and microchip software.2. VIDEO/ DESIGN/DERIVATIVE MODELS It has three units in Malaysia working on video design, derivative models and circuit blocks for new TV chases, radio cassettes, discman and hi-fi receiver designs.3.DESIGN UNIT FOR COMPACT DISCS/RADIO CASSETTES ETC It has one unit in Republic of Korea focusing on the design of compact discs, radio cassettes, tape recorders, and car stereos.4.DESIGNING/DEVELOPING RECORDERSIt has one in Taiwan designing and developing video tape-recorders, minidisk players, video CDs, and duplicator. Finally, it has one unit in Indonesia focusing on the design of audio products.Such units often work in collaboration with science and technology institutes in the host country. For instance, Daimler Benz has established such a unit in Bangalore, India, in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Science to work on projects related to its vehicles and avionics business. Current work includes interfac e design of avionics landing systems and smart GPS sensors for use by the group’s business worldwide.VARIABEL COST 27000 30000 57000FIXED COST 13000 13000 2600040000 43000 830001. The Profit Volume ratio [pvr] pvr=contribution/ sales =sales-variable cost / sales = 95000-57000/95000= 0.40 ====================== 2. Fixed Expenses=======26000 ======================= 3. Break-Even Sales Sales- variable = contribution margin Break even sales= total annual fixed cost ___________________ Contribution margin/total sales =26000/ 0.40 =65000.4. Percentage of margin of safety †¢ Subtract from the projected sales the amount of sales you need to break even. For example, if you anticipate sales of $95,000, but only need $65,000 to break even, subtract $65,000 from $95,000 to get a safety margin of $30,000. †¢ 2Divide the safety margin by the projected sales to find the margin of safety ratio. In this example, divide $30,000 by $95,000 to get 0.315. †¢ †¢ 3 Multiply the margin of safety ratio by 100 to find the margin of safety percentage. In this example, multiply 0.315 by 100 to get an 3.15 percent margin of safety.

The Growth of Alternative Medicine

The Growth of Alternative Medicine Free Online Research Papers The Medicine of the Future: The Growth of Alternative Medicine in Society Alternative medicine is a very general term whose definition can be quite controversial. It includes many holistic techniques for preventing and treating illnesses. Acupuncture and many other therapies have long been a part of Asian cultures and have recently integrated into the Western culture. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) comprises a wide variety of healing philosophies, approaches, and therapies. Alternative medicine should be considered a real compliment to conventional medicine due to its standard of practice, treatment, and costs. From Reflexology and Rolfing to shiatsu and dream work, a mass of alternative medical therapies confronts us today. James Whorton notes in Nature Cures that the recent explosion in alternative medicine actually reflects two centuries of competition and conflicts between mainstream medicine and numerous unorthodox systems. The history of alternative medicine in America brought by Asian cultures examines the major systems that have emerged from 1800 to the present. Alternative medicine practitioners take a holistic approach to health (Whorton13). Alternative medical systems built upon complete systems of theory and practice. Often, these systems evolved apart from and earlier than conventional medical approaches used in U.S. Examples of alternative medical systems that have developed in Western cultures include acupuncture, homeopathic medicine, and naturopathic medicine. Systems that have developed in non-western culture include traditional Chinese medicine and ayurveda. Mind and body medicine uses a variety of techniques designed to enhance the mind’s capacity to affect bodily function and symptoms. Some techniques that were considered CAM in the past have become mainstream, for example patient’s support groups and cognitive behavior therapies. Biologically based therapies in CAM use substances found in nature but yet scientifically unproven therapies. Manipulative and body-based methods in CAM are based on manipulation and/or movement for one or more parts of the body; these include chiropractic or osteopathi c manipulation and massage. Energy therapies involve the use of energy fields such as biofield therapies and are included to affect energy fields that surround the human body. Bioelectromagnetic-based therapies involve the unconventional use of electrons, a genetic field such as pulse fields, magnetic fields, or alternative current or direct current fields (Whorton 277). Acupuncture is a strong component in China and can be traced to the Chinese health care system for at least 2,500 years (Kowalski 49). The procedure involves inserting hair-thin steel surgical needles into specific points in the body, which are supposed to make one feel better and be healthier. This is only the technical aspect though. To understand the art of this procedure, one must have a background in Chinese medicine. How it works is this: health is achieved though the balance of the opposing forces between yin (spirit), and yang (blood). The attraction between them creates an energy called Qi (pronounced chee). This energy flows to all parts of the body through channels, which are known as meridians (pathways that run along the surface of the body and branch into the bodys interior). An imbalance in these forces is what is believed to cause illness and disease. When needles are placed on the acupuncture points along the meridians, balance and, hence, health is restored. â€Å" There is several styles of acupuncture, the differences being how the acupuncture points are stimulated, be it by hand pressure, electrical impulse, ultrasound, or wavelengths of light† noted Bernal. Acupuncture was introduced to American doctors by Sir William Osler (Whorton 263), who is often called the father of modern medicine. In a classic medical textbook written more than a century ago, he said, Acupuncture is the most effective treatment of all for acute lumbago, [.] ordinary bonnet needles, sterilized, will do (Whorton 263). The first time acupuncture really got notice was not until 1972. James Reston, a New York Times correspondent, was assigned to cover President Nixons now historic trip to China. During his stay, Reston had an emergency appendectomy and was treated with acupuncture for the postoperative pain he had to endure. The report of his experience with acupuncture caught the interest of many American doctors who wanted to see how the Chinese used acupuncture as an anesthetic. Many non-physicians went to train overseas or with acupuncturists who had been silently practicing in the States, in many Asian communities. These people then fought to gain laws that woul d allow acupuncture to be practiced legally in the US (Whorton 265). In contrast to acupuncture, ayurveda â€Å"the science of life† is based on the belief that the natural state of the body is one of balance. We become ill when this balance is disrupted, with specific conditions or symptoms indicating a specific disease or imbalance. Ayurveda emphasizes strengthening and purifying the whole person, whereas in conventional medicine, the focus is on a set of symptoms or an isolated region of the body (Chopra 14). Currently in the United States, there are two adaptations of classical Ayurvedic medicine being practiced. Maharishi Ayur-Veda was started within the past decade by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the Hindu swami best known for popularizing Transcendental Meditation (Chopra 148). Most of the published studies of Ayurveda are on this type, which concentrates on consciousness and meditation as key in health and healing. Dr. Deepak Chopra, a Western-trained endocrinologist, recently popularized the more traditional type of Ayurveda. While advocating the use of meditation, this type places more emphasis on the other Ayurvedic mind-body modalities such as yoga, breathing, and massage therapy, in an attempt to regain balance (Chopra 18). The name, homeopathy, comes from the Greek word â€Å"homio†, meaning â€Å"like†, and â€Å"pathos†, meaning â€Å"suffering†. Homeopathic medicines treat illness by going with, rather than against, symptoms that are seen as the bodys natural defenses. In contrast, allopathic or conventional medicine acts by suppressing the symptoms of illness (Kowalski 22). The underlying philosophy of homeopathy, known as similia similibus curentur or like may be cured by like, was developed by Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843), a German physician, while experimenting with cinchona bark (quinine) as a cure for malaria (Kowalski 27). When Hahnemann administered cinchona to himself, he developed the symptoms of malaria fever, diarrhea, vomiting, pain, and numb fingers and toes; however, when quinine was given to a patient complaining of those same symptoms of malaria, he found it helped them fight the illness. From his initial experiment, Hahnemann and his students methodically tested thousands of substances in a process called provings (Kowalski 28). The practice of homeopathic medicine flourished in both Europe and the United States in the late 1800s until the early 1900s. In the early 1900s, there were 22 homeopathic medical schools and over 100 homeopathic hospitals in the United States (Whorton 70). The practice of homeopathic medicine dropped sharply with the rise of allopathic medicine, but it has regained its popularity in recent years. In Europe, it continues to be practiced along with conventional medicine, particularly in England, France, Germany, and Greece. Homeopathy is extremely popular in India which has over one hundred, four-year homeopathic medical schools and it is also practiced in Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, and South Africa (Whorton 81). These are just a few examples of how alternative medicine can work. In comparing conventional medicine to alternative medicine, many doctors dismiss alternative medicine as unproven, ineffective, and potentially dangerous nonsense, leading advocates to seek the kind of evidence that will persuade the scientific community at large. Claire Rayner of the Doctor Patient Partnership is skeptical and says patients should tread carefully if they are looking for alternative treatment because science proves that is not always the answer (Arias 34). For example, hormone therapies have not proven very successful with natural health. Most cancers often survive any type of natural treatment and in most cases claim the patient’s life. A major objection to alternative medicine is that it is done in place of conventional medical treatments. As long as alternative treatments are used in addition to standard conventional medical treatments, most physicians find most forms of complementary medicine acceptable (Fine 23). Consistent with previous studies, the CDC recently reported that the majority of individuals in the United States (i.e., 55%) used CAM in conjunction with conventional medicine (More Americans). Patients should however always inform their physician if they are using alternative medicine. Some patients do not tell their doctors since they fear it will hurt their patient-doctor relationship. While there are those physicians who practice complementary medicine who believe there is value in alternative forms of treatment, care must be taken when these treatments are used in conjunction with mainstream medicine. Some alternative treatments however can interfere with regular treatments. An example is the comb ination of chemotherapy and large doses of vitamin C, which can severely damage the kidneys. Some methods once considered alternative have later been adopted by conventional medicine, when confirmed by controlled studies indicating the boundary lines between the two have changed over time. Many very old conventional medical practices are now seen as alternative medicine, as modern controlled studies have shown that certain treatments were not actually effective. Supporters of alternative methods suggest that much of what is currently called alternative medicine will be similarly assimilated by the mainstream in the future (Sierpina 281). Alternative medicine provides the public with services not available from conventional medicine. This argument covers a range of areas, such as patient empowerment, alternative methods of pain management, methods that support the biopsychosocial model of health, cures for specific health concerns, and stress reduction services. Another preventative health service that is not typically a part of conventional medicine or complementary medicines palliative care, and is practiced by world-renowned cancer centers is COX-2 inhibiting herbs. The inhibition of COX-2 enzyme significantly reduces the inflammation that is currently linked with arthritis, colon and other cancers, and Alzheimer’s disease (Newmark 23). While taking these herbs and undergoing alternative therapies there is a concern that patients may delay seeking conventional medicine that could be more effective, and potentially resulting in harm. Relying on the placebo effect is therefore dangerous, since it may convince people that the alternative treatment works while it is in fact only the placebo effect. People who are thus convinced that alternative medicine helped them with a mere inconvenience may be tempted to use ineffective alternative medicine for a serious, possibly life-threatening illness. Due to the wide range of types of alternative medicine, few criticisms apply across the board. Criticisms directed at specific branches of alternative medicine range from the minor (conventional treatment is believed to be more effective in a particular area) to potential violations of the known laws of physics, for example, in homeopathy. While some scientific evidence exists regarding CAM therapies many forms of alternative medicine are rejected by conventional medicine, because the efficacy of the treatments has not been demonstrated through double-blind randomized controlled trails (Arias 34). Where alternative methods provide temporary symptomatic relief, this has been explained as being due to the placebo effect, natural healing, or the cyclic nature of some illnesses. Practices termed as alternative medicine have caused deaths indirectly when patients have used alternatives in attempts to treat such conditions as appendicitis and failed. Proponents of alternative medicine say that people should be free to choose whatever method of healthcare they want. Critics agree that people should be free to choose, but when choosing, people must be certain that whatever method they choose will be safe and effective. People who choose alternative medicine may think they are choosing a safe, effective medicine, while they may only be getting pretend remedies. This can be a particular issue in the treatment of children, animals, and individuals whose capacity to evaluate the treatment is impaired (Kowalski 24). When examining health care where it is state-funded or funded by medical insurance, alternative therapies are often not covered and must be paid for by the patient. Further, in some countries, some branches of alternative medicine are not properly regulated. Therefore, there is no governmental control on who practices and no real way of knowing what training or expertise they possess in these countries. â€Å"CAM treatments are not reimbursed by health plans in United States, but auto accidents or Workers Comp and some Blue Cross Blue Shield management plans covers this treatment, and they are out of pocket expense,† noted Bernall. Homeopaths have to be licensed in one or more organization for managed care reimbursement. Even though researchers show great benefit from homeopathy drugs they need to be licensed or work under an acupuncturist, naturopath, M.D. or D.O. (Ullman 72). The uses of CAM therapies are evolving but the physicians do not have enough knowledge; their main concern is the safety and efficiency of CAM. In the past there is a thin based and underpowered study on CAM. Increasing numbers of medical colleges have begun offering courses in alternative medicine; however, the term used in the universities is â€Å"integrative medicine† (Sierpina 280).The practitioner of CAM focuses on the patient, as a whole being. This will lead to an era where both conventional and alternative medicine will be practiced. â€Å"It is an approach that many physicians use† (Sierpina 281). Many health systems offer CAM therapies as an awareness program for pain management, in conjunction with their standard care (Sierpina 281). Alternative medicine is popular among the Eastern cultures as well as Western cultures. Since patients and the societies general care is shifting to alternative method of care the idea that a collection system could be implemented in a CAM clinic utilizing several treatment modalities has merit. Outcomes demonstrated both a significant reduction in pain and improvement in quality of life for subject who utilized acupuncture, chiropractic, or naturopathy treatments. While whole medical systems differ in their philosophical approaches to the prevention and treatment of disease, they share a number of common elements. These systems are based on the belief that one’s body has the power to heal itself. Treatment is often individualized and dependant on the presenting symptoms. The alternative medicine should be used as a system with conventional medicine. Work Cited Arias, Donya c. â€Å"Alternative Medicines’ popularity prompts concern.† Nation’s Health August 2004(34:6). Bernall, Fernando. Personal Interview. 31 May 2005 Chopra, Deepak M.D. Quantum Healing. New York: Bantam Books.1989. Fine, Allan. â€Å"Growth in Demand for CAM.† Complementary Alternative Medicine Managed care quarterly 2005, 13(2):23 Kowalski, Kathiann M. Alternative Medicine Is IT For YOU? Springfield, New Jersey: Enslow Publishers, 1998. More Americans Than Ever Use CAM, Says CDC. Nursing 2004 September 2004.73. Newmark, Thomas M and Paul Schulick. Beyond Aspirin. Arizona: HOHM press, 2000. Sierpina, Victor. S M.D. â€Å"complementary and Alternative Medicine: Introduction,† Southern Medical Association March 2005 (98:3):280-281 Ullman, Dana. â€Å"Homeopathy and Managed care: manageable or unmanageable?† The journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 1999 (5):65-73 Whorton, James c. Natures Cures the History of Alternative Medicine in America. New York: oxford university press, 2002. Research Papers on The Growth of Alternative MedicineArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Genetic EngineeringBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanTwilight of the UAW

African-American Tennis Champion Althea Gibson Quotes

African-American Tennis Champion Althea Gibson Quotes Althea Gibson, a sharecroppers daughter raised on welfare mostly in New York City, learned tennis through public clubs. She rose to become the first African-American to play at Forest Hills and in the Wimbledon championships, and the first African-American to win either. Althea Gibson broke the color barrier in tennis, helping make possible the later careers of other African-American tennis players including Arthur Ashe and Venus and Serena Williams. Selected Althea Gibson Quotations I hope that I have accomplished just one thing: that I have been a credit to tennis and my country.I want the public to remember me as they knew me: athletic, smart, and healthy... Remember me strong and tough and quick, fleet of foot and tenacious.I always wanted to be somebody. If I made it, its half because I was game enough to take a lot of punishment along the way and half because there were a lot of people who cared enough to help me.I dont want to be put on a pedestal. I just want to be reasonably successful and live a normal life with all the conveniences to make it so. I think Ive already got the main thing Ive always wanted, which is to be somebody, to have identity. Im Althea Gibson, the tennis champion. I hope it makes me happy.No matter what accomplishments you make, somebody helped you.In the field of sports, you are more or less accepted for what you do rather than what you are.I knew that I was an unusual, talented girl through the grace of God. I didnt need to prove that to myself. I only wanted to prove it to my opponents. In sports, you simply arent considered a real champion until you have defended your title successfully. Winning it once can be a fluke; winning it twice proves you are the best.Most of us who aspire to be tops in our fields dont really consider the amount of work required to stay tops.People thought I was ruthless, which I was. I didnt give a darn who was on the other side of the net. Id knock you down if you got in my way.I just wanted to play, play, play.I was born too soon. Quotes About Althea Gibson Alice Marble, 1950, in American Lawn Tennis magazine: The entrance of Negroes into national tennis is as inevitable as it has proven in baseball, in football, or in boxing; there is no denying so much talent. The committee at Forest Hills has the power to stifle the efforts of one Althea Gibson, who may or may not be succeeded by others of her race who have equal or superior ability. They will knock at the door as she has done. Eventually, the tennis world will rise up en masse to protest the injustices perpetrated by our policymakers. Eventually why not now? New York Times writer Robert Thomas, jr., 1953: The lean and muscular young woman had a dominating serve, and her long, graceful reach often stunned opponents. New York Times writer Neil Amdur, 1955: She hits the ball and plays like a man. Betty Debnaun, principal of the new Althea Gibson Early Childhood Education Academy, 1999: Its only fitting to name the school after a woman as great as Althea Gibson. She excelled in everything she did. Shes a living legend. New York Times writer Ira Berkow: She was the Jackie Robinson of tennis, being first and doing it with so much pride and dignity. But she was also not like Jackie in that she never came out aggressive. Venus Williams, 2003: I am honored to have followed in such great footsteps. Her accomplishments set the stage for my success, and through players like myself and Serena and many others to come, her legacy will live on.

War of 1812 Causes

War of 1812 Causes The War of 1812 is generally thought to have been provoked by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the Britains Royal Navy. And while impressment was a major factor behind the declaration of war by the United States against Britain, there were other significant issues fueling the American march toward war. During the first three decades of American independence there was a general feeling that the British government had very little respect for the young United States. And during the Napoleonic Wars the British government actively sought to meddle with - or completely suppress - American trade with European nations. British arrogance and hostility went so far as to include a deadly attack by the British frigate HMS Leopard upon USS Chesapeake in 1807. The Chesapeake and Leopard affair, which began when the British officer boarded the American ship demanding to seize sailors believed to be deserters from British ships, nearly triggered a war. In late 1807, President Thomas Jefferson, seeking to avoid war while calming public outcry against British insults to American sovereignty, had enacted the Embargo Act of 1807. The law succeeded in avoiding a war with Britain at the time. However, the Embargo Act was generally seen as a failed policy, as turned out to be more harmful to the United States than to its intended targets, Britain and France. When James Madison became president in early 1809 he also sought to avoid war with Britain. But British actions, and a continuing drumbeat for war in the U.S. Congress, seemed destined to make make a new war with Britain unavoidable. The slogan Free Trade and Sailors Rights became a rallying cry. Madison, Congress, and the Move Toward War In early June 1812 President James Madison sent a message to Congress in which he listed complaints about British behavior toward America. Madison raised several issues: ImpressmentContinual harassment of American commerce by British warshipsBritish laws, known as Orders in Council, declaring blockades against American ships bound for European portsAttacks by savages on one of our extensive frontiers believed to be instigated by British troops in Canada The U.S. Congress was being steered at the time by an aggressive faction of young legislators in the House of Representatives known as the War Hawks. Henry Clay, a leader of the War Hawks, was a young member of Congress from Kentucky. Representing the views of Americans living in the West, Clay believed that war with Britain would not only restore American prestige, it would also provide a great benefit in territory. An openly stated goal of the western War Hawks was for the United States to invade and seize Canada. And there was a common, though deeply misguided, belief that it would be easy to achieve. (Once the war began, American actions along the Canadian border tended to be frustrating at best, and Americans never came close to conquering the British territory.) The War of 1812 has often been called Americas Second War for Independence, and that title is appropriate. The young United States government was determined to make Britain respect it. The United States Declared War In June 1812 Following the message sent by President Madison, the United States Senate and the House of Representatives held votes on whether to go to war. The vote in the House of Representatives was held on June 4, 1812, and members voted 79 to 49 to go to war. In the House vote, the members of Congress supporting the war tended to be from the South and West, and those opposed from the Northeast. The U.S. Senate, on June 17, 1812, voted 19 to 13 to go to war. In the Senate the vote also tended to be along regional lines, with most of the votes against the war coming from the Northeast. With so many members of Congress voting against going to war, the War of 1812 was always controversial. The official Declaration of War was signed by President James Madison on June 18, 1812. It read as follows: Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That war be and is hereby declared to exist between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the dependencies thereof, and the United States of America and their territories; and the President of the United States is hereby authorized to use the whole land and naval force of the United States, to carry the same into effect, and to issue private armed vessels of the United States commissions or letters of marque and general reprisal, in such form as he shall think proper, and under the seal of the United States, against the vessels, goods, and effects of the government of the said United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the subjects thereof. American Preparations While the war not declared until late June 1812, the United States government had been actively making preparations for the outbreak of war. In early 1812 the Congress had passed a law actively calling for volunteers for the U.S. Army, which had remained fairly small in the years following independence. American forces under the command of General William Hull had started marching from Ohio toward Fort Detroit (site of present day Detroit, Michigan) in late May 1812. The plan was for Hulls forces to invade Canada, and the proposed invasion force was already in position by the time war was declared. (The invasion proved to be a disaster, however, when Hull surrendered Fort Detroit to the British that summer.) American naval forces had also been prepared for the outbreak of war. And given the slowness of communication, some American ships in the early summer of 1812 attacked British ships whose commanders had not yet learned of the official outbreak of the war. Widespread Opposition to the War The fact that the war was not universally popular proved to be a problem, especially when the early phases of the war, such as the military fiasco at Fort Detroit, went badly. Even before the fighting began, opposition to the war caused major problems. In Baltimore a riot broke out when a vocal anti-war faction was attacked. In other cities speeches against the war were popular. A young lawyer in New England, Daniel Webster, delivered an eloquent address about the war on July 4, 1812. Webster noted that he opposed the war, but as it was now national policy, he was obligated to support it. Though patriotism often ran high, and was boosted by some of the successes of the underdog U.S. Navy, the general feeling in some parts of the country, particularly New England, was that the war had been a bad idea. As it became obvious that the war would be costly and may prove to be impossible to win militarily, the desire to find a peaceful end to the conflict intensified. American officials were eventually dispatched to Europe to work toward a negotiated settlement, the result of which was the Treaty of Ghent. When the war officially ended with the signing of the treaty, there was no clear winner. And, on paper, both sides admitted that things would return to how they had been before hostilities began. However, in a realistic sense, the United States had proven itself to be an independent nation capable of defending itself. And Britain, perhaps from having noticed that the American forces seemed to become stronger as the war went on, made no further attempts to undermine American sovereignty. And one result of the war, which was noted by Albert Gallatin, the secretary of the treasury, was that the controversy around it, and the way the nation came together, had essentially united the nation.

Response paper questions on Sacks, Oliver. An Anthropologist on Mars Essay

Response paper questions on Sacks, Oliver. An Anthropologist on Mars - Essay Example Sacks is able to experience the distress in his patients by working with them. Additionally, he suffers from prosopagnosia and is in a better position to understand what being deficient of a sense means. The stories examine discernments about oneself as well as those about the world. This response paper examines Sack’s method of investigation, the reasons Sack takes a unique investigative approach and how he discovers the individuals discussed in the essays. The paper will also analyze how disease affects the way individuals understand themselves and how reading these essay has enable me understand concepts such as normality and handicap. To come up with these stories, Dr. Sacks associates closely with the subjects in the stories. His insights are stimulating and provide an insight on neurological conditions and the manner in which the brain functions. He investigates the altered self-opening the mind of the reader to experiences and perceptions witnessed by people with disorders such as autism, blindness, amnesia, and Tourette’s syndrome among others. He views the ailments not as disorders but deviation from norm. However, he still manages to explore the distress and challenges faced by persons with these disorders. Instead of analyzing the various conditions and organizing them into chapters, he organizes the conditions into narrative essays. This is a different but interesting way to learn neurobiology. Sack follows his patients from their loss of sense though their distress to their liberation. He empathizes with the patients after their loss of sense and reveals to the reader the struggle that they go thr ough to cope with the deviations that result from the losses (Sacks 12-15). Sack makes use of literature references to support his arguments. His investigative style is captivating and the reader is able to experience the terror that comes with the neurological disorders. When he

College Book Report on Miracle At Philadelphia Essay

College Book Report on Miracle At Philadelphia - Essay Example One of the latest full-service entries in the history survey sweepstakes, American Passages is a beautiful text that is well-designed. It is written in an engaging style. The volumes have a friendly tone that is warm without being suffocating. Most students and faculty should find them appealing. The massive amount of carefully chosen illustrations of various kinds are nicely reproduced. The maps are also good, with some exceptions. Each paper volume has the same set of appendices, including the Declaration of Independence; the Constitution; the nations population, 1790-1998; the admission of states to the Union; presidential elections and administrations; and the justices of the Supreme Court. The volumes split in an unusual way, which is an improvement on the traditional arrangement, especially for Reconstruction specialists. There are two overlap chapters rather than one, and the second volume begins in mid-war, with early Union occupations and the first stirrings of release, rath er than in 1865, reflecting an interpretative trend pioneered by Eric Foner. This novel approach owes much to the breadth and vision of lead author Edward L. Ayers, whose interest in and knowledge of Southern history and Civil War culture is well known. Volume one takes the story to 1877, ending with chapter sixteen, while volume two begins with chapter fifteen, "Blood and Freedom, 1863-1867." Two maps start each volume: the first shows the states and their capitals, with important places in the text highlighted; the second is topographical. Each section (two to four chapters) of the narrative has time lines with key dates for politics and diplomacy; social and cultural events; and economics and technology I first read this book several years ago for my high school American History class, and I just recently read it again. This book is excellent no matter

School Fundings Tragic Flaws Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

School Fundings Tragic Flaws - Assignment Example The main message that the authors aim to reveal is the clear and distinct unequal allocation of funds for schools that are currently skewed towards higher income students rather than the neediest. The effect of the policies emerging from the three levels of government agencies is that educational funds that are supposed to be allocated equally tend to be distributed more to higher income pupils, highlighting disadvantaged educational benefits that are supposed to be equally received by students regardless of income level.The significance of the argument is seen in terms of the policies’ effect on teachers preferences for place of work High-poverty schools typically have less experienced teachers and high turnover rates, so the average teacher salary is much lower in those schools† (Casey and Rosa, 2008, 1). As shown, higher-poverty schools do not attract highly experienced teachers due to poor working conditions and the lower salary rates that come from the disparate all ocation of educational funding. In this regard, the pupils from high-poverty schools are exposed to teachers with lesser experiences and training and thereby, could compromise the level of instructions accorded to these students, when compared to lower-poverty schools that receive greater funding.One personally agrees with the author’s contention that there is a need to reevaluate and assess the disparities in educational funding accorded to school on a national level to justify allocation on an equal basis.

Research Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Plan - Essay Example The CVS chain has recently been unfavourably in the public eye because it was found to be selling drug products that were expired and thereby violating health codes. The goal of this research study is to derive an answer to the research question: â€Å"Why do people go buy their goods in Duane Reade rather than CVS?† It appears likely that the negative publicity that CVS has gathered about selling expired products could be one of the salient reasons why customers are preferring Duane; however it is also likely that other factors such as store layouts, their convenient locations to arrangement of goods within the store, prices, customer service or quality of goods could be the factors motivating customers instead. The objective of this study will be to determine why customers appear to be preferring Duane; whether there is more than one reason for such a choice and if so, what are the factors that are leading to such a preference? In order to arrive at an understanding of the factors that could be propelling customers to make such a choice, it would first be necessary to carry out an exhaustive review of the literature that is available on customer service, product quality, marketing, good business practices, ethics in business, the importance of complying with Government regulations and similar aspects that would provide background information which would be valuable in arriving at an answer to the research question. This comprehensive study of the literature would not only help to identify salient factors that may affect customer shopping preferences, it may also help identify additional factors which are peculiar to the New York region, such as targeting ethnic groups who form a sizable portion of the population, more so than those present in the states where CVS markets its goods – although these states are also primarily in the north-eastern part of the United States. Once the

Marine Cargo Claims Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Marine Cargo Claims - Assignment Example In an attempt to keep pace with fast moving goods, sea waybills have avoided cargo congestion at destination terminals caused by delayed bill of lading arrivals from the consignor or one of the banks involved in the credit transaction2. The late arrival of waybills does not affect delivery because, contrary to a bill of lading, the nature of a sea waybill is different from that of a bill of lading in that the former is a non-negotiable document, and to receive the goods, the consignee does not need to present the original sea waybill3. The sea waybill, however, cannot replace the bill of lading in many important areas of marine. This paper examines the bill of lading as a document of title by endorsement. Although the sea waybill is important, it cannot replace the bill of lading in many important areas of marine transport where a document of title is required4. Bills of lading are still widely used in any trade that requires the sale of goods during the voyage, such as commodity tra des5. In the case of oil tanker trade, or bulk cargoes of grain, ore, and coal, for instance, the cargo is often the subject of repeated negotiations while in transit. Furthermore, only bills of lading, due to their negotiability, can serve as security for loans since banks may collect waybills without any documented approval. A bill of lading, as a foundation of overseas trade, serves three distinct purposes6. First, they are a receipt for goods. Second, they are the best evidence of the contract of carriage, and third, they are a negotiable document of title. By serving the last function, the bill of lading replaces those goods indicated on its face, enabling the endorser to transfer the property in the goods7. The last function is the one dealt in depth in this paper. By endorsing a bill of lading, the carrier states that it has received the specified goods and it promises to transport and deliver them to designated and legitimate endorsee or consignee. In international trade, bi lls of trade once passed legitimately for value out of the hands of the shipper; facilitate the documentary credit process as documents of title, where payment is made against a document upon which reliance can be placed to represent the goods shipped8. Ownership of the bill of lading is tantamount to ownership of the goods. Banks, through a system of documentary credit, finance a considerable proportion of international trade9. Under the normal CIF contract, the seller is supposed to take to take to the bank the bill of lading alongside other documents upon shipment of the goods10. When these documents are presented in the right form to the bank, the seller can now pay the contract price. Possessing of the bill of lading is equal to possessing the goods according to three different purposes11. First, the holder of the bill of lading is entitled to delivery of the goods at the port of discharge12. Second, the holder can claim the possession of the bill of lading when they are being carried only be endorsing it13. Third, the bill of lading can be used as a security for a debt14. By commercial usage, the bill of lading has become the key document in the contract of sale. Accordingly, the seller is obliged to tender to the buyer a shipped onboard bill of lading under common shipment contracts concluded on C&F and CIF terms15. Where the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Bills of Lading, otherwise known as

Research Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Plan - Essay Example The CVS chain has recently been unfavourably in the public eye because it was found to be selling drug products that were expired and thereby violating health codes. The goal of this research study is to derive an answer to the research question: â€Å"Why do people go buy their goods in Duane Reade rather than CVS?† It appears likely that the negative publicity that CVS has gathered about selling expired products could be one of the salient reasons why customers are preferring Duane; however it is also likely that other factors such as store layouts, their convenient locations to arrangement of goods within the store, prices, customer service or quality of goods could be the factors motivating customers instead. The objective of this study will be to determine why customers appear to be preferring Duane; whether there is more than one reason for such a choice and if so, what are the factors that are leading to such a preference? In order to arrive at an understanding of the factors that could be propelling customers to make such a choice, it would first be necessary to carry out an exhaustive review of the literature that is available on customer service, product quality, marketing, good business practices, ethics in business, the importance of complying with Government regulations and similar aspects that would provide background information which would be valuable in arriving at an answer to the research question. This comprehensive study of the literature would not only help to identify salient factors that may affect customer shopping preferences, it may also help identify additional factors which are peculiar to the New York region, such as targeting ethnic groups who form a sizable portion of the population, more so than those present in the states where CVS markets its goods – although these states are also primarily in the north-eastern part of the United States. Once the

Business Application Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Application - Assignment Example IT is fundamental in human resource management, firms’ infrastructures, marketing, procurement, technology development, etc. As mining and manufacturing companies extend their operations to the global arena, they have to change operational strategies in order to gain efficiency and competitiveness in the global market. Expansion of operations leads to increase in complexity of operations that pose challenges of managing efficiency of operations.3 Mining industry has unique characteristics distinct from other industries because they are process industries and requires intensive capital investments with heavy plants and equipment.4 Since they are focused on profitability and efficiency, the focus of ERP is to reduce production cost and increase efficiency through maintenance management and effective utilization of production capacity.5 There is a need to avoid idle time by ensuring accurate scheduling and avoidance of the unpredicted breakdown, which can be achieved through scheduling of preventive and predictive maintenance task. The source of raw materials (ore) for the mining industry is obtained internally (from the mine) and involves a lot of uncertainty and an approximation error that are only determined during the production process.6 Furthermore, unlike the manufacturing function mining industry produce for stocking, not for orders. Therefore, the mining and manufacturing companies require the use of ERP for informed decision-making in areas of operation, accounting, human resource, supply chain, marketing, customer, etc. The use of ERP in a mining and manufacturing company helps the organization to integrate information to achieve real time accessibility of information across units and processes using the data created by the company’s technical and operational systems software. Integration of scheduling, material management, production and distribution are the fundamentals of profitability in the mining and

Decadence in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

Decadence in Nigeria Essay It is of no doubt that moral decadence has completely replaced core moral values in present times. This ravaging phenomenon is the cause of some of the major problems Nigeria is facing as a Nation. A society where the youths do not think of how tomorrow would be better than today or how to invent new things to automate processes involved in our daily activities rather focusing on how to enrich themselves by any means and controlling enormous wealth at a tender age. Many youths of today are engulfed in numerous means of gathering wealth and enjoying the good things of life tagging it hustling. when you ask an average youth what he does, he replies I am a hustler, you begin to wonder on what kind of job could it be that doesn’t have a name. It is rampant and prevalent and as a result has reduced the present youths to mediocrity. Recently, a youth corps member was asked as regards the new increment in youth corps members’ allowances, what will he use the money realized after NYSC for? He said he will get a car. It is nothing but a good example to show the degree of aberration currently going on in our society, total loss of focus, no entrepreneurship skills, no future plans, no thoughts about achievements, no more self-discovery, and decency is no more celebrated. In the world today, shame and shamelessness are rewarded with encomiums and emphasized recognition, Unclothedness is now directly proportional to your fame and acceptance, skimpy dresses are now tickets to classy events, songs that have intimate talks in them sell faster than the meaningful ones, when your trousers is around your waist then you are seen as a learner, big girls are now identified by level of exposure of their private parts. Even the world Religion and the institutions have failed in eradicating this dangerous way of life. What is the hope? Would the society continue to condone this act? Where will this lead us to? Is this how the great men of this world lived their youth lives? Fellow young minds, are we going make Nigeria a better place with this lack of focus and unscrupulousness, definitely NO.. Truly, a few of us are trying in our own capabilities to be useful to the society and act right but sincerely a few is not enough, we need a larger percentage of young minds to join the crusade and collectively move the nation forward by being creative, responsible, reliable, useful and patriotic. If you see no reason to help Nigeria, then there is a reason to be useful to your state, if u still see no reason, then your local government, if not your precious parents and family, what about your humble self, and if none of this motivates you to be useful, think about your unborn generations. The provisions of today would be used by the people of tomorrow. As a matter of fact, It is what the generation of Chief Obafemi Awolowo , Alh. Tafawa Balewa, Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe and the likes did that we are enjoying or suffering today. The good will be enjoyed and celebrated while the bad would be suffered for and be condemned. An activist used to say: our time shall past, but the history of our time will never past†. I put it to you today, Be part of the history of the struggle for a better Nigeria. Do anything in your capability to make your immediate society proud of you and appreciate you, do the right thing at the right time and never be an idle person. Discover yourself, your innermost strength and build it. Discover your Purpose  and the world would adore you like Rose†.

Effect of Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) on Labor Supply

Effect of Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) on Labor Supply Michael Lederman How does the EITC affect labor supply? The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) provides a tax credit for those who qualify with positive earnings, low income, and minimal capital gains. It is more so directed at working families, whether it is 2 parents or a single mother. It is intended to push more people into the work force, especially low-income women. In fiscal year 1998 the EITC is expected to cost the federal government $24.5 billion, $7 billion of which will result from expansions incorporated in the 1993 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA93) (Houser Scholz, 2). It pushes for a â€Å"make-work pay† strategy of welfare reform so people do not rely as heavily on welfare programs. There are many articles that discuss what effect the Earned Income Tax Credit has on labor supply in America and the way the policy has affected so many. In â€Å"The Impact of the Earned Income Tax Credit and Social Policy Reforms on Work, Marriage, and Living Arrangements† by Ellwood, he examines how changes in social reforms, such as the EITC, have impacted labor supply, marriage, and cohabitation. Ellwood acquired and used the current population survey from March 1995 of women ages 18-44 who worked at least 26 weeks, also separating between married or single, with children. Then he used a wage equation to predict a potential 1998 wage for the women. Then the predicted wage was used to place the women into predicted wage/skill quartiles after accounting for education level. The incentives were much higher for low skill single mothers to work. Differentiating the women between skill and wage levels is critical in determining which group of people receives benefits and which don’t get affected at all. In 1986, she could hope to earn just $2,800 more and her effective tax rate being 76 percent; but by 1998, the number ha d jumped to $7,600 with her effective tax rate falling to 31 percent (Ellwood). The lowest quartile showed the greatest amount of change, and the following quartiles showed change, but nothing too drastic. Employment rates were rising for unmarried mothers. For married women, incentives to work were sharply reduced for low-income women, with effective tax rates falling slightly for women in other quartiles. A large change in work by the lowest quartile occurred with employment rates shooting up from 34 percent in 1992 to 55 percent in 1999. In regard to married women, some cases led to them being discouraged to work. Roughly 54 percent of married women in the bottom quartile would have faced penalties up to $1,288 (had they been earning $10,000) whose husbands likely were earning less than the EITC maximum. Another 28 percent would have had no incentive to work because their husband’s income surpassed the EITC maximum. The EITC encouraged more work force participation by sing le mothers, but hadn’t had such an effect on married mothers. Overall, based on the number of mothers in each group affected, this article concluded the EITC results in a net increase of working women. In â€Å"The Earned Income Tax Credit and Transfer Programs: A study of Labor Market and Program Participation† by Dickert and Scholz, they focus on the degree to which welfare policies, like the EITC, that alter after-tax wages affect hours of work, labor market participation, and welfare program participation. They used the following empirical model to study the effect of wages, taxes, and program benefits on labor market and program participation; bivariate probit models of labor market and transfer program participation. They included variables for income, transfers, and demographic characteristics in both participation equations. Two models are estimated separately: one for one-parent families and the other for primary earners in two-parents families. Net wages are key in influencing participation when it comes to the EITC. The empirical results for the single parent model found that net wages positively affected labor market participation. A 10 percent increase in the af ter-tax wage raises the single parent’s probability of working by two percent (Dickert Scholz). Two-parent families do not show any significant changes in labor market decisions for primary earners. Tax rates were also found to exert a strong negative effect on the probability of labor force participation. For single parents, the probability of working generally increases with predicted wage rates. In the bivariate probit model for single-parents families, a highly significant negative correlation is found between the labor market and transfer program participation. The article also examines the offset between the new participants in the labor force and the decrease in hours worked by those already working. The simulations show the EITC increases net wage of single parents by 15 percent, which in turn increases their probability of working by 3.3 percentage points. Assuming they work on average 20 hours a week for 20 weeks a year, this implies hours worked by single-parent f amilies would increase by 72.8 million hour per year (Dickert Scholz). Overall, the simulation results imply that greater labor market participation will lead to an increase of 74.4 million hours, compared to the 54.5 million hours less worked by those already in the work force, more than enough to offset. This article accounts for both the positive and negative effects EITC has on the labor force, and explains how the two cancel each other out with extra benefits to society. In the article â€Å"Welfare, The EITC, and the Labor Supply of Single Mothers† by Meyer and Rosenbaum, they focus on the effect that tax and transfer program had on incentivizing single mothers to work. They use the Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group Files and the March CPS files. Estimates from these specifications suggest that EITC and other tax changes account for 60 percent of the 1984-1996 increase in employment of single mothers (relative to single women without children). The article highlights the fact that the EITC credits increased from $1.6 billion in 1984 to $25.1 billion in 1996. A structural model was created, which accounts for taxes, welfare, Medicaid, welfare waivers and time limits, training and childcare, education, unemployment rate and macroeconomic conditions, and hours worked. These variables of empirical evidence are absolutely essential when making informed policy decisions. Every factor must be taken into account when making policy dec isions, and the more evidence and information you get involved, the more solidified your conclusion. A one thousand dollar reduction in income taxes if a woman works increases employment last week by 2.7 percentage points and last year by 4.5 percentage points; labor supply of single mothers responds to taxes. A one thousand dollar reduction in annual welfare maximum benefit increases employment last week by 3.4 percentage points and increases employment by 3 percentage points. Also, a 10 percent cut in the maximum benefit increases both annual and weekly employment rate by 1 percentage point (Meyer Rosenbaum). The period between 1984 and 1996 where tax and transfer policy was being pushed encouraged single mothers to work more. The one flaw I can find in this article is no discussion about the different phases that EITC entails. An individual experiences different incentives at different points of the EITC, and that is something that must be accounted for. A matter in question I believe needs changing is a way to figure out how to get change the fact that two-thirds of recipients, and 84 percent of total earnings, are in the phase-out range of EITC (Browning). It must be more focused on the phase-in region, where the growth of labor supply is actually occurring. The favorable benefits and results happen during the phase-in region, but sadly this is a small proportion of the population of recipients. A policy recommendation I would suggest would be to somewhat change the structure of the EITC to prevent this waste of money from transpiring. Perhaps a brand new welfare program needs to be put into place instead of the EITC that focuses more on the increased net wages for those who truly need it. An possible option would be for a recipient entering the phase-out region to report their earnings so that it may be determined whether they still should qualify to receive these net wage increases. In conclusion, these articles all feed off of one another to build up knowledge of the exact effects the EITC has on society. Single mothers experience higher incentives to join the work force, along with other low-income individuals. When structuring a model to research the effect of policy, it is crucial to take every variable into account. The EITC does cause decrease hours worked, but the increase in labor supply makes up for it. Increased net wages with the EITC is a big enough incentive to push people into work. It is important to doubt empirical methods and be suspicious of results. For example, some women with children may not be able to work to due the need to take care of their children, or any other possible factors as so. With the evidence stated here, we can claim EITC positively affected labor supply. Reference List Browning, E. K. (1995). EFFECTS OF THE EARNED INCOME TAX CREDIT ON  INCOME AND WELFARE. National Tax Journal, 48(1), 23-43. Dickert, S., Houser, S., Scholz, J. K. (1995). The earned income tax credit and  transfer programs: a study of labor market and program participation. In  Tax Policy and the Economy, Volume 9(pp. 1-50). MIT Press. Ellwood, David T. 2000. â€Å"The Impact of the Earned Income Tax Credit and Social  Policy Reforms on Work, Marriage, and Living Arrangements.† National Tax Journal, no. 4: 1063-1105. Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost Meyer, B. D., Rosenbaum, D. T. (2001). Welfare, the earned income tax credit, and  the labor supply of single mothers.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,116(3), 1063-1114. Michael Lederman

Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World :: essays papers

Brave New World Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World portrays a society in which science has clearly taken over. This was an idea of what the future could hold for humankind. Is it true that Huxley’s prediction may be correct? Although there are many examples of Huxley’s theories in our society, there is reason to believe that his predictions will not hold true for the future of society. One of the biggest changes occurring in Brave New World was that babies were not being born to parents, but rather being grown in test tubes. These test tube embryos were altered to produce thousands of babies using only one embryo. Our society practices similar procedures. We were first able to grow babies in test tubes, helping people who could not get pregnant. Our next development as a society allowed the ability to clone an embryo and have many where one stood. Another change in Huxley’s society was how people appeared physically as they grew older. In the story, people we given surgery to preserve their attractive peak for the rest of their lives. There is no surgery in our society that makes a person look good for the rest of their lives, but methods of slowing the aging process have been discovered. This new technology allows a person to look younger for a longer period of time. This means that a 60-year old person would look the same as a 30-year old would today. Despite the previously mentioned cases, there are examples of how today’s society is not changing to replicate Brave New World. In the story, there were no mothers or fathers, no family, and no general monogamy. Today’s society still believes in marriage, parental roles, and the family structure. The last difference is that of the government. In Brave New World, there were no political parties and no divisional boundaries. The story portrayed a society with a large group of intelligent leaders that controlled the society.

Theory Critique – Anderson

Anderson Anonymous Graduate Student Liberty University In what proves to be a compelling presentation of the Journey to spiritual freedom, Dry. Neil T. Anderson (2000) presents his theory of how one may be liberated from negative thoughts, irrational feelings, and habitual sins in his book, The Bondage Breaker. Anderson (2000) suggests the cause of a majority of problems which are discussed within the walls of a counseling session may have roots in the supernatural. This critique will examine Andersen's theory of ways to combat the dark forces which cause spiritual conflict within the mind. Theory SummaryIn his clarification of the nature of psychological problems and mental illness, Anderson (2000) places a high emphasis on spiritual warfare; reminding the reader, â€Å"For the weapons of our warfare are not carnal, but mighty through God to the pulling down of strong holds† (2 Corinthians 10:4, KAVA). Anderson provides many examples of counsel whom he believes have succumbed to the deceptive tricks of Satan, explaining what may have been diagnosed as mental illness is actually spiritual oppression; or in cases of non-Christians, actual demon possession (Anderson, 2000). By drawing attention to scripture in Pall's letter to Timothy,Anderson illustrates his point: â€Å"But the Spirit explicitly says that in later times some will fall away from the faith, paying attention to deceitful spirits and doctrines of demons† (l Timothy 4:1, NASA). Thankfully, Anderson (2000) provides a detailed method of obtaining daily victory over the spiritual forces of darkness by outlining what Hawkins (2010) would refer to as a method of â€Å"discipleship counseling† – the seven steps to freedom in Christ. The freedom and protection which is afforded by the Christian is stressed, as well as the position of authority Christians have over the enemy.Freedom is accomplished by taking the first step of acknowledging one's dependence upon and affirming one' s identity in Christ and renouncing past or present involvement in any practice, teaching, or ritual which could be considered demonic or non-Christian in nature. Anderson (2000) further explains, not only is it important to renounce non-Christian activity, but also to recognize and renounce instances of idolatry. Additionally, forgiveness, submitting to higher authority, adopting a humble attitude, confession of sins, and finally breaking generational ruses is necessary.As every thought is taken captive and brought into alignment and obedience to Christ (I. E. II Corinthians 10:5), the deception which has caused one to live amidst shadows, shackled by the power of the enemy, may be traded for truth, grace, and a freedom in Christ (Anderson, 2000). Evaluation of Strengths and Weaknesses While readers of The Bondage Breaker may consider the handling of the subject matter controversial, depending upon their background and experience in things which occur in the spiritual realm, Anders on (2000) does well in his presentation of he influence Satan has on the thought processes of individuals.A great amount of focus is spent on encouraging readers to grasp the main objective of truly knowing their value or self-worth in Christ. Not letting one's guard down is imperative. Once the enemy is given a foothold into a person's life via a thought process, it can become overwhelmingly disabling to try to maintain a positive outlook (Anderson, 2000). In adopting the principles of The Bondage Breaker, the counselor becomes equipped to engage in spiritual warfare within the counseling arena (Anderson, 2000).Through the use of prayer, and â€Å"warfare theology' (Hawkins, 2010, slide 5), the appropriation of freedom may become a reality in the life of the counsel. Anderson (2000) references the scriptures throughout and is careful to confirm his writing with God's Word. As is it this author's opinion that God's Word is the final authority, comfort was taken in the fact Anderson was thorough in his scriptural references (Anderson, 2000). In addition, Andersen's (2000) explanation of demonic oppression was described in a way as to eliminate any sensationalism such as what may be arrayed in movies or books.Instead, Anderson presented the reality of Satin's tactics as being sly in his method of simply infiltrating peoples' thought processes. Stories shared were compelling in their ability to illustrate the workings of the enemy in that respect (Anderson, 2000). However, as compelling as most examples appeared, a weakness in Andersen's theory was that he placed much emphasis on what might be interpreted by some as â€Å"the devil made me do it† and not enough consideration that some psychological problems could be caused by environment or experiences Anderson, 2000).For example, a female client who presents with severe cognitive trauma over years of sexual abuse may not simply be suffering emotionally because of a thought introduced by the enemy, but ha s some tough issues with which to deal based on her experience. While is it true our thoughts are responsible for our natural state as evidenced by Proverbs 23:AAA: â€Å"For as he thinks within himself, so he is,† (NASA), credence must be given to what happens in the physical realm. In fact, in one of the most celebrated books of biblical literature, Job is tormented by Satan, not just in his thoughts, but physically and materially as well.Job suffered greatly. He found himself depressed, sitting in a pile of ashes. By no means was his depression a result of sin, as Job was called righteous (I. E. Ezekiel 14:14). Perhaps he was listening to the enemy's accusations, however, the catalyst for the depression were the events that Satan caused in his life. The wretched boils Job suffered were not a result of his inability to resist temptation, or reject the accusations of the enemy, as Anderson (2000) might have agreed, based on his presentation of other medical cases wrought his book.In comparison to the discussion Anderson (2000) presents regarding his client with multiple sclerosis, this author also lives with MS. While in complete agreement there are days when the disease process is made worse by thoughts induced by the enemy, the symptoms of the disease do not disappear simply because the thoughts the enemy incites are renounced. Andersen's (2000) description of relapsing-remitting MS or the type of MS where â€Å"symptoms which seem to come and go' (p. 4) are presented as being psychosomatic, or induced by the client's response to thoughts from the enemy. This author takes umbrage of Andersen's (2000) assessment and would expect a more careful understanding of the science behind the disease process in spite of his discussion of the Two-Tier Worldview in which he states â€Å"the spiritual world has no or little practical bearing on the natural world; we have practically excluded it from our understanding of reality' (p. 30). This brings up another w eakness: lack of empirical evidence for the theory.Andersen's (2000) theory may be extremely difficult to prove scientifically, therefore causing concern among the secular counselors who would be reluctant to purport any theory not backed by empirical evidence. While there is no question God is powerful enough to heal without the help of modern medicine, care should be taken not to negate the members of the medical and mental health communities whom this author believes have been granted wisdom by God to be used in the healing process.Personal Reflection and Application Having been raised in a church environment which taught members of the congregation to recognize and appreciate the existence of what may be occurring in the concentric circle of the supernatural system (Hawkins, 2010) or spiritual realm; his author was familiar with the theory presented by Anderson (2000) in The Bondage Breaker. An appreciation for the three channels of temptation about which Anderson speaks had bee n in the forefront of this writer's mind; especially the â€Å"pride of life,† as it is believed pride is the root of all sin (Anderson, 2000).Looking back over the past, there was a time when pride was an issue in this author's life, yet it was unrecognized. On a Sunday evening church service during testimony time, this then high school student sat listening to stories of friends who were praising God for ringing them out of a life filled with drugs, promiscuity, and any number of other sins. The testimony shared by this author bestowed praise to God for keeping her from all the sins which seemed to plague her friends.Pall's first letter to the Corinthian church warns, â€Å"Therefore let him who thinks he stands take heed lest he fall† (l Corinthians 10:12, INKS). In Just a few short weeks as a college freshman, this writer found herself in a lesbian relationship. The inability or refusal to recognize pride allowed the enemy to gain a foothold into this future counse lor's life. That foothold eventually became a stronghold. The end result was years of living in disobedience; in bondage to a lifestyle of homosexuality which obviously managed to wreak havoc on any previous connection shared between this writer and her Lord.Peace was impossible. After years of encountering the gentle wooing of the Holy Spirit, eventually, the conviction experienced was too much for this author to bear; at which time, the employment of Andersen's (2000) seven steps to freedom in Christ was set in motion: confession of sin, a willingness to renounce completely the homosexual lifestyle, repent, recognize the deception of the enemy and instead embrace God's truth, forgive, submit to God, swallow pride, experience freedom, and finally receive the blessing.The process of moving from bondage to freedom in Christ was laborious, and physically and emotionally draining. However, the end result of a happy marriage with a loving husband and beautiful daughter, as well as the k nowledge of living in right relationship with the Lord brings a peace like no other. The positional peace which once was evident when she became a Christian as a young girl, again was ruling in this author's heart as she allowed God's Word to dwell there (I. E. Colombians 3:15-16). The process of embracing the Truth became a liberating friend (Anderson, 2000).Realizing in this day of tolerance and political correctness, the subject of homosexuality may be extremely controversial; however it remains the belief of this author that one cannot pick and choose which parts of God's Word one is willing to accept as truth. One of the reasons this author seeks to become a Licensed Professional Counselor is that she hopes to eventually work with young women who are willing to shed the blinders set upon them by the enemy of their souls; who share a willingness to embrace God's truth for their lives, and escape f life of sin.As work will be done when counseling individuals in order to apply the principles set forth in The Bondage Breaker, this future counselor understands the process of sanctification is not an easy one. However, as Anderson (2000) reminds the reader, while never-ending; the rewards far outweigh the weight of the struggle. Reference Anderson, N. T. (2006). The bondage breaker (New and Expanded Edition). Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers. Hawkins, R. (2010). The contribution of Neil Anderson and discipleship counseling. Lynchburg, VA: Liberty University.

Tourism: Brazil’s Location

Brazil which is the biggest country in the South America is a unique country with wonderful destinations and attractions. With half of South America’s land and one-third of the population of all Latin Americans, Brazil is a land of the marvelous, transcendent and the tragic. The gross area of Brazil covers approximately half of South America as it is the mainland's biggest nation. At just over 3. 3million square miles, it is slightly larger than the continental United States (Eakin 1997). It extends 4,772 km from North to South and 4,331 km from east to west. Also, border of Brazil meet other nations on the continent excluding Ecuador and Chile. The east side of Brazil is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean. The north side of Brazil is surrounded by Guyana, French Guiana, Venezuela, and Suriname. On the northwest, Colombia edges Brazil. On the west, Brazil is edged by Bolivia and Peru. On the southwest, Argentina and Paraguay edge Brazil. On the south, Brazil is placing Uruguay (Infoplease 2000). The population composition of Brazil. According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (2013) which is the government statistical agency, Brazil's population had increased to approximately from139. 8m in 1990 to 175. 9m in 2003. Also, it is predicted to reach about 200. 3m in 2020. Thus, it is obviously that Brazil’s population has been continually increasing. Brazilian society progressed from succeeding waves of immigration from Europe and Africa. As illustrated by the 1996 census, 83m Brazilians are of European origin including about 60m of mixed race. The black inhabitants are of 7. m and Brazilians of Asian origins are about 700,000. Also, indigenous Indians who live in Brazil are about 162,000. Furthermore, the massive majority of research on racial dynamics in Brazil concentrates on the black-to-white variety. Brazil’s large-scale social surveys usually use three ethnic or color to capture the variety of identifications on this continuum including white (branco), brown (pardo, or â€Å"mixed†), and black (preto). It was surveyed that about 99% of the Brazil’s population included in one of these three classes in the three polls 1991, 2000, and 2010 (Stanley et al. 013). ?The cultural and economic features of Brazil Brazilian identity has been mainly formed by the Portuguese, who delivered its major language and religion. However, it has been shaped by also native indios, Africans and the many migrants from Europe, the Middle East and Asia. According to Burity (2008), even though Indigenous culture has frequently overlooked by urban Brazilians, it has assisted to shape modern Brazil and its traditional myth, dance as well as music. The influence of Afric an culture is also obvious, particularly in the Northeast. Portuguese brought not only a large number of black slaves but also their religion, music and cuisine which have developed a part of Brazilian identity. It is obviously that Brazil is a very racially and culturally compound nation. Brazil’s economy has become a major object of speculation for international stakeholders, researchers, specialists, and policymakers over the world. With filled natural resources, and gradually energetic global corporations, Brazil has been notably selected as BRIC which are the four very large, rapidly emerging economies countries including Russia, India and China. There are several major factors that Brazil can be emerged as a rising star. Those are the strong global demand for the country’s key products, wide-reaching successes for the country’s main corporations, and proper economic policies which have improved confidence. Although once Brazil’s economy stagnated with debt crisis, macroeconomic volatility and high inflation during the 1980s, today, Brazil is more intensely incorporated with the global economy than at any time in the past half century (Brainard & Martinez-Diaz 2009). Brazil’s economic management has been respectable however, public debt quiet remains high, which may pressure on government finances and menace social security. This is one of the major issues in Brazil’s sustained economic strength for the future and sustaining growth to generate employment and reducing government debt can be considered (St Louis 2010). ?Features of Brazil’s natural environment Brazil boasts some of the most marvelous plant and animal life in the world. Brazil has the world’s largest rain forest, as well as the greatest wetlands. Rain Forest covers much of the Amazon river drainage basin while Wetland which is the largest fresh water swamp in the world, is half the size of France. This is mainly flooded grasslands from the River Paraguay which starts in Brazil and flows south to Argentina. This area is called the Pantanal. In Brazil, around 55,000 species of plants, 3000 freshwater fish, 770 amphibians and 520 mammals are found. More than one-third of the reptiles and over half the amphibians take place nowhere else and new species are being discovered constantly. Brazil has five principal biomes which are Amazonia, Atlantic rain forest, Caatinga, Cerrado and the wetlands of the Pantanal. Brazil is huge country and its flora and fauna are scattered across vast regions (St Louis 2010). ?The history of tourism in Brazil Although Brazil is the biggest country in South America and has an abundance of cultural and environmental diversity, tourism has been generally ignored by both policy makers and the private division (Santana 2000). As the challenge of fostering the socioeconomic development by increasing the number of tourists, there was something the federal government took up only in the beginning of 1990s. Its application involved a series of public and private investments which have transformed both the region and social relationships in the areas directly influenced. Until the 1966 establishment of the Brazilian Tourism Institute named EMBRATUR, there was fundamentally no authorized policy of supporting tourism. EMBRATUR regulated several terms which can be considered as the creation of a national tourism policy. However, the initial role allocated to EMBRATUR was inadequate to consolidating the internal market and increasing external demand. In the beginning of the 1990s, an institute made the basic agent for developing official policies for the sector (Bartholo et al 2008). ?The place of tourism in the economic life of Brazil Although Brazil is not a tourism-dependent nation, tourism indicates one of the most vital areas for the successful Brazilian economy as well as the constant country's development. According to Santana (2000), the tourism industry in Brazil has also been generally recognized as a promoter of social and economic development by the introduction of the Ministry of Sports and Tourism. With supported by increasing economic development, most tourism indicators had experienced extraordinary growth by 1998. The deregulation of air transport helped out to raise domestic travel to record levels in 1998 the number of air passengers rose by 25 percent between 1997 and 1998. Also domestic travel increased by 43 percent over 1997, when 38. million Brazilians travelled within the country. The contribution to overall tourism receipts in 1998 was significant, with over US $6 billion. The economic stability and strong currency have also made it possible for Brazilians to travel abroad. In 1997 Brazil experienced an unprecedented tourism deficit that destabilized the country’s balance of payments. More than four million Brazilians went abroad compared to 2. 9 million international arrivals. According to the EMBRATUR, domestic and international tourism contributed over US $billion to the Brazilian economy, or 3. percent of the nation’s GDP (Santana 2000). Therefore, it is expected that there is a significant correlation ship between Brazilian tourism and Brazilian economic. Factors influencing tourists’ choice of Brazil as a destination ?Push factors that create tourist demand for tourism in Brazil Push factors refer to the fundamental necessary for engaging in tourism that is for using the facilities provided by the tourism industry (Weaver & Lawton 2006). There are several push factors that create a demand for tourism activity in Brazil. First of all, natural environment such as abundant natural resources are widely used to promote the nation’s tourism. International tourists inclined to be attracted by Brazilian regions which have various attractions such as rivers, waterfalls, national parks, beaches and native forests. These attractions strengthen Brazilian local economy. Also economic and technological development has made Brazil become the world’s fourth-largest internal flight market in terms of the number of travelers transported on scheduled airlines. The number of total internal air travelers in Brazil reached about 77. 4 million in 2011. Furthermore, infrastructure quality affects destination competitiveness in important ways. The quality of a destination’s infrastructure may serve to attract tourists. In the process of choosing a destination, the image of infrastructure will play important role. Another factor can be a political issue that tourists should have the approval of their government to enable them to travel to Brazil. The Brazilian government concludes a number of open skies contracts with several countries during 2009 and 2010 to open its air transportation provision and draw more foreign visitors into Brazil. Furthermore, the development of social tourism can be one of the factors. Vilela de Almeida (2011) mentions that in contemporary society, social tourism has been emphasized because, social tourism provides opportunities for travel and holidays for Brazilians who do not have access to large amounts of discretionary income. There have been attempts by the Brazilian government to provide holiday opportunities for low income local people, for elderly people and for students. Those mentioned factors can be significant roles to develop Brazilian tourism. Components of the tourism supply-side in Brazil ?The ways in which Brazil and its attractions are promoted and interpreted The Brazil’s military government created Embratur, the Brazilian Tourist Agency, with the purpose of reshaping the tarnished image of the country, caused by reports of torture and abuse by the dictatorship. Thus, Embratur became an important instrument for the formation of Brazil’s image abroad (Bandyopadhyay & Nascimento 2010). Also Filho (2005) mentioned that in its advertisements Embratur emphasized Brazilian woman’s physical assets such as big bottoms, their tanned skin and ease of being seduced. Furthermore, Alfonso commented that Embratur, the governmental body responsible for the regulation of the national tourist sector, disseminated images of almost naked women, mostly in Rio de Janeiro, in leaflets and banners. This city and symbols like the mulatta and samba, representing the beauties of Brazilian beasches and the national carnival were chosen to structure Brazil’s image in the international market between 1970s and 1990s. However, today public and private officials are trying to revitalize tourism image as part of more diversified tourist products which includes fishing within rural and eco-tourism. Eco-tourism is promoted in the media by marketing the Pantanal as a ‘paradise’, an ‘El Dorado’ and an ‘ecological sanctuary’. Officials are keen on developing ecotourism in a more planned way which would be coherent with maintaining local natural and cultural resources rather than encourage mass tourism which could provoke the opposite. The development of local rural and eco-tourism was first promoted by government tourist agencies and then taken up by the regional residents (Araujo& Bicalho 2009). ?Services available to tourists in Brazil including transport and hospitality Sustainable services which include transport and hospitality is one of the most significant component of the tourism supply-side in Brazil. Lowry (2012) reports that the tourism plan for the FIFA World Cup 2014 which is developed by the World Cup Executive Group (GECOPA), provide better tourism information to tourists. Also it offers quality services and accommodation, and promotes tourism destinations in Brazil. The plan provides for the construction, renovation or expansion of tourist service centers, the establishment of tourist signage, and civil construction projects to ensure accessibility for persons with disabilities. Also Araujo and Bicalho (2009) mentioned that there has been constantly development of amenities for tourism in Pantanal. A new airport was constructed in Bonito municipality and another new airport is scheduled for Porto Murtinho municipality. A paved freeway was built across the Pantanal between Corumba and the state capital Campo Grande. Existing roads within the swamps have been converted into park routes. Also a historic railway between Campo Grande, Miranda and Aquiduana has been restarted as a tourist attraction since 2009. Also there is a network of tourist services in urban and rural areas which include hotels, restaurants, night clubs and other attractions. Furthermore, urban facilities were demanded by tourists so that since 1995, electricity has been available to remote rural areas. Most lodges started to install electric lighting, running water, air conditioning, cable television, internet and mini-refrigerators in the guest rooms and saunas and swimming pools for guests. Tourist facilities also include parking lots, public bathrooms, and access roads to lakes for recreation fishing so it allows tourists easy and safe access to natural attractions. Tourist experiences in Brazil ?performance experiences Many international tourists visit Brazil to get virtuous tourist experience and to gaze the Brazil’s image through Carnival which is the best well-known festival in Brazil and has developed a national event of huge sizes. The country breaks for almost a week and events inclined to be intense, day and night, mainly in coastal cities. Carnival in Brazilian culture is considered as much more than a simple celebration. Delgado (2012) mentioned that it is one of the pieces that make up the Brazilian identity. To establish an identity is meaningful to Brazilian. It is through the difference with respect to each other that the idea of unity of the nation is built. Thus, the carnival is an element of differentiation with respect to each other, serving as a mark of a Brazilian. There was naturally basic characteristic change over time in terms of a traditional carnival; however, the contact with tourists as well as the growing popularity of communication, technologies and globalization has accelerated the process. There is plurality of identities, constructed by different social groups in different historical moments. Thus, similar to authentic identity, the original representations are built up and modified as changes social and historical moments. The importance for the Brazilian carnival is undeniable, most popular party in the country which is a place where the transgression is possible, the world of street is transformed temporarily into space. ?Photography Hillman (2007) defines that the photography generates and transmits images and tourist symbols such as sites, memorials and masterpieces and its important role is to construct and interpret the tourist destination image in special historic, social and cultural background. The use of postcards, tourist leaflets, and photographic evidence of journey by tourists is a way of justifying their journey and tourism experience through visual authentication. Also the expanding spaces of cameras and video increasingly are able to represent themselves both to tourist and academics. The best-known example is probably the Kayapo in Brazil. They were supplied with video cameras after work with visual anthropologists and Amazonian Indians in Kayapo are represented by broadcast (Crang 1997). The vivid images of life of Amazonian Indians makes people actually travel around the area. Then they will go back to home with the proof of travel to distant and exotic places, and visual authentic verification that they were actually present in the location. ?Slum experience In Brazil, there is a special place where tourists can have a slum experience. The name of place is Rocinha which is the largest favela in Latin America, and is located in Rio's South Zone. It has not been well-known since until slum tourism have become a recognized form of dark tourism. Ma (2010) contended that slum tourism provides a distinctive experience that today's traveler seeks meaning in their vacations and is moving away from the trend of fun and pleasure. Freire (2008) commented that one of the most popular slum tour organizations is Favela Tours which has seen an average of 3,000 tourists per month for the past ten years. A total of 98% of its market is foreigners, a trend seen across all organized slum tours. Also, Frenzel & Koens (2012) mentions that more than 50,000 tourists participated in organized favela visits in Rio in 2011. And a number of tourists will probably growth with the coming FIFA World Cup in 2014 and Olympic Games in 2016. More recent year the favela tours are also offered in Sao Paulo and Salvador de Bahia. The figure from Brazil indicates that slum tourism is already a highly professionalized business in the country. Apart from guided tours, the destination also offer elements of adventure tourism such as bicycle and motorbike tours, accommodation in the slum and specialized tours focusing on music, food or ecological aspects. Therefore, it is expected that slum tourism stimulate local entrepreneurship and local economic development, and support poverty alleviation. Impacts of tourism on tourists and the host society ?Impact of tourism on Brazilians The impacts of tourism on Brazilians can be both a positive and negative. Tourism has increasingly become a key economic activity for Brazilian. According to Puppim de Oliveira (2003) especially Northeast region possesses a significant potential for the development of tourism such as a warm climate year round, cultural diversity and over 2. thousand kilometers of seashore with attractive beaches. Thus, tourism in this area improves the regional economy, attracting investments, creating jobs and generating income to diminish poverty. Similarly, tourism activities can bring positive externalities to society. For instance, the infrastructure for tourism can be used for other purposes as well. Airports can also be used by locals who want to travel. Roads can be used for transportation of local passengers, and agricultural or manufactured products. In the State of Bahia, Brazil, the paving of the touristic road connecting the small town of Itacare to the arger town of Ilheus allowed the creation of new bus lines. Before the construction, Itacare had only few bus routes so that there were always limited transportation options of the local population. The new road increased access by the local population to Ilheus for shopping, recreation and medical purpose. Therefore, it is clear that tourism industry can improve local economic and employment benefits. On the other hand, there is negative tourism impact on Brazilians. The local environment and society has a limited capacity to absorb and recover from impacts of tourism. If these impacts exceed the carrying capacity, their effects on the environment and local society can become permanent and cause serious environmental, social and cultural problems. Also uncontrolled competition within the tourism industry over environmental resources such as water, land, environmental amenities, can generate undesirable impact on the whole industry. An increasing demand for an attractive unexplored beach can produce a growing construction of hotels and houses at the sea side that can degenerate the primary environmental quality of the beach. This can also cause a series of environmental problems such as deforestation, air and water pollution, degeneration of the landscape, which can negatively affect the quality of tourism or even the whole tourism industry in a region. For example, the Pantanal wetlands face serious threats, including the rapid spread of intensive soy, cotton and sugarcane farming on Brazil’s central plains, which are the source of most of the Pantanal’s water. Furthermore, on Brazil’s coasts, growth of cities and growing tourism developments threaten many delicate coastal marine ecosystems (St Louis 2010). Thus, an uncontrolled growth of tourism in one region can potentially undermine its tourism by damaging its environmental or cultural resources, if proper intervention is not in place. Conclusion ?What are the prospects for the future of Brazil as a tourist destination and what should be done to ensure a successful future for Brazil? As it mentioned above, there is no doubt that Brazilian tourism already shows a major role in the Brazilian economy and that it also represents a substitute for development. There is a constant development of infrastructural in tourism area based on exotic natural environment to attract tourists. Therefore, it is boosting a significant increase of a number of international tourists in Brazil. With 2014 Brazil world cup and 2016 Brazil Olympic, it is expected that tourism industry will be more developed and a number of tourists will be more visited ever before. However, unfortunately, Brazil is now also renowned for the destruction of its natural environment that all of its major ecosystems are threatened and over 200 animal species are endangered. Thus, the amount of protected territory continues to grow. At least 20 new national parks have been created since the late 1990s (St Louis 2010). Also, there is also another negative issue that the sexual exploitation of women and children has made a Brazil portrayed as a sexual playground (Bandyopadhyay & Nascimento 2010). Likewise, the country's reputation as an erotic playground continues to attract the wrong type of tourist with special tour purpose. Thus, it is obvious that protecting Brazil’s natural wonders and changing tourism image should be resolved as essential for Brazilian tourism future. To ensure successful future for Brazil, all stakeholders of Brazilian tourism including government should have an important role to play that not only ensures tourism development which minimizes harm to the ecology, but also provides an economic incentive which encourages preservation and protection. Brazilian tourism has the potential to be beneficial in the several sectors in national economic and local development; however, the tourism also has the potential negative impacts such as some negative images and environmental issues. Thus, the tourism is needed several implications in order to be sustainable. Therefore, to improve Brazilian tourism, this report recommends that firstly it should be enhanced a destination’s competitiveness through the target market’s awareness of the destination and through its positive image. Also, it should be developed a desirable plan to adopt a comprehensive approach which integrates tourism economic development, international or inter regional trade, social development and other marketing goals into an integrated strategy. Secondly, the environmental problems can be minimized by the governments which generate governmental environmental organizations and educate government officials in environmental issues, and enforce environmental regulations. Furthermore, it is important to control of development and tourist flow and creation of protected areas by Brazilian governments which are responsible for creating protected areas for providing incentives for private actions towards environmental protection.